The article presents the most informative ultrasound (US) signs of unchanged, "reactive," lymphoproliferative and metastatic lymph nodes (LN). A literature analysis was conducted on the stratification of US-signs of malignancy of the LN, on the basis of which it was concluded that at present time there is no single classification of US-signs of pathological changes in the LN, existing classifications have been developed to assess the LN in some regions, include from 3 to 5 categories and are not used everywhere. Due to certain difficulties in interpreting the nature of the LN lesions associated with their localization, size, number, severity of response to the infectious process and presence of oncological history of the patient, it is justified to create a unified classification of US signs of the LN changes employing 6 categories that is similar to previously accepted classifications of radiation diagnostics TI-RADS, BI-RADS. For a wide discussion by experts, it is proposed a draft classification Node-RADS for stratification US-signs of surface LN.

Introduction. Anastomosis failure is a serious complication in colorectal surgery. To date, there is no common standardized technique for the formation of colorectal anastomosis.

Aim. To compare the effectiveness and safety “side-to-end” and “end-to-end” coloteral anastamoses.

Materials and methods. A retrospective comparative analysis of the database of patients with rectal and sigmoid colon cancer who underwent surgical treatment with formation of colorectal anastomosis in the Republican Diagnostic Center of Baku from 2017 to 2022 was conducted. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS v. 26 software. The parameters analyzed were: frequency of anastomotic failure, formation of preventive stoma depending on colorectal anastomosis type.

Results. The group of patients with “side-to-end“ anastomoses included 82 patients, “end-to-end” – included 78 patients. In the “end-to-end” group as compared with “side-to-end“ group, there were significantly more patients with body mass index >of more than 30 kg/m2 (17 (28.1 %) vs 9 (11 %), p = 0.05), fewer patients with tumor localization in the middle and lower ampullary parts of the rectum (16 (20.5 %) vs 33 (40.2 %), p = 0.009). There were no other clinically significant differences in the risk of anastomotic failure between the groups. Anastomosis failure occurred more frequently in patients with “end-to-end“ anastomosis (n = 9 patients, 11.5 %) as compared to “side-to-end“ anastomosis (n = 2 patients, 2.4 %) (p = 0.023). At the same time, clinically pronounced anastomotic failure requiring surgical treatment was observed in 4 patients (5.1 %) from the “end-to-end“ group while there was 1 (1.2 %) failure in patient of the “side-to-endv group (p = 0.2). Significantly more often, a preventive stoma was formed in the “end-to-end“ group (n = 28 patients, 35.9 %) as compared with the “side-to-end“ group (n = 5 patients, 6.1 %), p <0.001. However, when conducting multivariate analysis, none of the criteria studied significantly influenced the risk of anastomotic failure.

Conclusions. In our retrospective study, the incidence of anastomotic failure was lower when the “side-to-end“ technique was employed, however effect of this factor was not confirmed by multivariate analysis.

Introduction. There is a lack of evidence of BAP1 expression on patient prognosis, that indicates the need for further study of this topic.

Aim. To evaluate BAP1 expression level in clear cell kidney cancer patients.

Materials and methods. We included in a retrospective study based on N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology database from 2009 to 2013 patients with clear cell kidney cancer, who were divided into 2 groups depending on BAP1 status. Primary endpoints were BAP1 expression level, 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS).

Results. 40 patients were included in the BAP1+ group, 53 patients – in the BAP1– group. There were no statistically significant differences in parameters that could affect the prognosis between our groups. 5-year OS was higher in the BAP1+ group (76.0 %) compared to BAP1– (58.0 %) (p = 0.040). There were no statistically significant differences between 5-year DFS and CSS.

Conclusions. BAP1+ patients had significantly higher OS, but BAP1 mutation didn’t affect DFS and CSS.

Introduction. The benefits of robotic surgery for rectal cancer remain controversial. Only a few studies have evaluated the safety and feasibility of robot-assisted surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Aim. Our study aimed to compare the short-term outcomes of robotic and traditional laparoscopic surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.

Materials and methods. This retrospective study was based on the analysis of 210 medical records of patients with rectal tumors who underwent robot-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted surgeries after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy from 2015 to 2021.

Results. There was no significant difference in short-term outcomes such as operation time, conversion rate, anastomotic leakage, and quality of circular resection margin. However, a significant difference was noted in the quality of total mesorectal excision. Grade 3 quality in the R group was 93.9 %, while in the L group it was 74.07 % (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.335; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 1.107–4.925). A statistically significant difference was also found in the rate of performing sphincter-preserving procedures, with 12.2 % in the R group and 50 % in the L group (OR 0.139; 95 % CI 0.066–0.293).

Conclusion. The advantages of the robotic surgical system in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer in patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy improve clinical outcomes, primarily reflected in the rate of sphincter-preserving operations. Additionally, it provides a trend towards achieving more oncologically adequate tumor removal compared to laparoscopic procedures.

Background. Signet ring cell gastric carcinoma of the stomach traditionally characterized by its poor prognosis. Survival of patients with signet ring cell gastric carcinoma regardless of the stage of the disease has not been well studied.

Aim. To compare clinicopathological characteristics and survival of the patients with signet ring cell gastric carcinoma of the stomach and non-signet ring cell carcinoma depending on the stage of the disease.

Materials and methods. We performed retrospective review was undertaken of patients with gastric cancer who received surgical treatment in period from 2013–2018.

Results. At early signet ring cell cancer, the 3and 5-year survival rates was 100,0 and 89.0 %; for non-signet ring cell carcinoma 91.4 and 85.3 % (р = 0.6; Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.73; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 0.22–2.42) respectively. For advanced signet ring cell carcinoma, the median survival rates, 3and 5-year survival rates was 38 months, 53.0 and 38.4 %; for non-signet ring cell carcinoma 51.1 months, 59.2 and 48.0 % (р = 0.2; HR 1.2; 95 % CI 0.91–1.54).

Conclusion. Long-term results in patients with early (T1) signet ring cell cancer of the stomach did not significantly differ in comparison with other histological types of gastric cancer. Long-term results of advanced signet ring cell cancer are worse than non-signet ring cell cancer, but the differences are not statistically significant.

Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical treatment outcomes in a regional oncology dispensary and postoperative complications risk factors evaluation.

Materials and methods. The retrospective study included clinical data of patients with verified colon carcinoma who underwent radical surgery. The treatment outcomes and postoperative complications risk factors were assessed.

Results. 968 patients data wes analyzed. Complicated cancer was observed in 10.2 % of patients. Postoperative mortality was 0.6 %. Mortality was almost significantly lower in patients under 75 years old (p = 0.06) OR 0.092 (95 % CI 0.017–0.509), the reoperations rate was influenced by the male gender of patients (p = 0.021, odds ratio (OR) 2.189, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.125–4.259). Combined colon resection was significantly associated with anastomotic leakage (AL) (p = 0.048, OR 3.328, 95 % CI 1.011–10.957), laparotomic access was almost significantly associated with AL (p = 0.074, OR 2.984, 95 % CI 0.9–9.892).

Conclusions. Regional oncology dispensary colon cancer radical surgery care allows not to exceed postoperative mortality rate in comparison with modern world practice. Older patients are at risk of increased postoperative mortality, laparoscopic access is associated with a lower rate of postoperative complications.

Recent decades have witnessed remarkable advancements in the field of oncology, with innovations spanning from novel immunotherapies to precision medicine approaches tailored to individual tumor profiles. This comprehensive literature review explores emerging trends in oncology, encompassing diverse topics such as the genomic landscape of cancer, the advent of liquid biopsies for non-invasive diagnostics, and the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review delves into the transformative potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning in cancer research and clinical decision-making. Furthermore, it addresses critical issues including cancer epidemiology, disparities in access to care, and strategies for optimizing cancer survivorship and quality of life. By synthesizing recent research findings and highlighting key developments, this review aims to provide a holistic perspective on the evolving landscape of oncology, offering insights that may guide future research directions and enhance patient care outcomes.

Improvements in surgical techniques have made it possible to perform extended surgical interventions for rectal cancer and achieve good treatment results for patients with this pathology, but have led to an increase in complications in the form of the formation of postoperative perineal hernias. The anatomical features of the perineum and postoperative tissue changes create significant difficulties in choosing a method of surgical treatment.

This article presents a rare clinical case of surgical treatment of a patient with a postoperative perineal hernia. After a preoperative examination, the patient was operated on in the Surgical Department of the Hospital Surgery Clinic of Clinics of Samara State Medical University. The patient underwent pelvic floor replacement with a mesh implant. The complexity of the clinical case consisted of a deficiency of myofascial structures in the plastic area, limited fixation points for the mesh implant, the presence of a severe concomitant disease in the form of type II diabetes mellitus, and the patient’s advanced age.

The surgical treatment performed allowed us to achieve good treatment results and significantly improve the patient’s quality of life, preventing the development of life-threatening complications.