Background. Anorectal melanoma is a rare malignancy without established standard treatment.
Aim. To analyse the Russian Colorectal Cancer Society melanoma registry and to assess optimal surgery with regard to the extent of the disease.
Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the Russian Colorectal Cancer Society registry was carried out during 2000–2020. Patients with cutaneous melanoma colonic metastases as well as patients with less than 6 months follow-up were excluded. Basic patient group characteristics, overall and disease-free survival (were analyzed depending on disease stage (by A. Stefanou) and surgery type.
Results. 16 patients had stage I–IIA, 24 – stage IIB, 29 patients – stage III and 24 patients – stage IV disease. Wide local excision was performed in 15 (93.8 %) patients with stage I–IIA, 15 (62.5 %) patients with stage IIB, 2 (6.9 %) patients with stage III, and 8 (33.3 %) patients with stage IV disease. Abdomino-perineal excision (APE) was performed in 0 patients with stage I–IIA, 7 (29.2 %) patients with stage IIB, 22 (75.9 %) patients with stage III, and 7 (29.2 %) patients with stage IV disease. 2-year overall survival was 74.5 % in stage I–IIA, 49.4 % in stage IIB, 64.3 % in stage III, and 10.4 % in stage IV disease; 2-year disease-free survival was 67 %, 23,4 %, 34,1 % in stage I–IIA, IIB, III disease accordingly. Median overall survival was 17.8 months, 38.3 months and 27.9 months for non-surgical treatment, wide local excision and APR in non-metastatic patients accordingly. Median disease-free survival was 6.0 months, 14.1 months and 12.0 months for non-surgical treatment, wide local excision and APR in non-metastatic patients accordingly.
Conclusions. APR should be considered in patients with stage IIB and stage III (by A. Stefanou) anorectal melanoma. Wide local excision is the preferred treatment in other patients.

Background. There is still no consensus on the feasibility of repeated surgeries for lung metastases.
Aim. To compare the short-term and long-term outcomes of primary and repeated surgeries for lung metastases.
Materials and methods. This retrospective study included patients with lung metastases from colorectal cancer, germ cell tumors, renal cell carcinoma, osteogenic sarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas operated on in N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology between 1997 and 2017. Overall survival and the incidence of postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo classification) were the main parameters evaluated.
Results. We identified 613 patients who had undergone resection of lung metastases; of them, 65 patients (10.6) had had repeated surgeries for lung metastases. R0 resection was the only prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with repeated surgeries for lung metastases (hazard ratio 7.691; 95 % confidence interval 3.163–18.702; р <0.001). Postoperative complications were observed in 48 patients after primary surgeries (7.8 %) and 11 patients after repeated surgeries (16.9 %) (р = 0.02). Five patients after primary surgeries (0.8 %) and 2 patients after secondary surgeries (3.1 %) died (р = 0.139). R0 resections were achieved in 576 (94 %) and 57 (87.7 %) patients after primary and secondary surgeries, respectively (р = 0.065). The five-year overall survival rate was 61.2 % after primary surgery and 53 % after repeated surgery (р = 0.91).
Conclusions. Repeated surgeries for resectable lung metastases ensure long-term outcomes comparable to those after primary operations. Repeated surgeries are associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications, but not postoperative mortality

Background. The incidence of distant metastases of intrathoracic localization in kidney cancer, including intrathoracic lymph nodes, makes the problem of identifying and introducing knowledge about prognostic factors into clinical practice when using the surgical treatment of this disease urgent.
Aim. To identify prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of intrathoracic metastases of renal cancer.
Materials and methods. In this work, a retrospective analysis was carried out of a group of 100 patients with intrathoracic cancer metastases, almost who underwent surgical treatment in the form of removal of distant metastases. We analyzed the clinically significant factors associated with the prevalence of the tumor process in the lungs, which could affect the long-term results of treatment, as well as the influence of various instrumental research methods on the frequency of detection of intrathoracic lesions. In addition, the influence of the choice of surgical approach and the volume of surgery on the long-term survival of this group of patients was analyzed.
Results. 40 (40 %) patients had synchronous and 60 (60 %) had metachronous lung metastases. 63 (63 %) had open and 36 (36 %) – thoracoscopic surgery, 1 (1 %) patient underwent a transdiaphragmatic resection. 70 (70 %) patients had atypical lung resections. 5-year overall survival was 53.4 %, 5-year progression-free survival – 43.1 %. There was no postoperative mortality and no grade 3–4 morbidity. Following factors were associated with an overall survival during a single-factor analysis: bilateral lung lesions (р <0.0001), R0 resection (р = 0.002), Munich scale (р = 0.007). Only bilateral lung lesion were associated with an overall survival during a multifactor analysis (р = 0.001).
Conclusions. Removal of intrathoracic metastases of kidney cancer in the lung can lead to long-term survival in a significant number of patients. Achieving R0 resection is the main goal of surgical treatment.

Malignant tumors have long occupied a special place in medicine and many researchers in different areas focused their attention on these disorders. Particular attention should be paid to gastrointestinal tumors with colon cancer being the most common among them. Moreover, the incidence of colon cancer is constantly growing.
Despite the extensive experience in surgical treatment for colon cancer, we are still in search for new optimal methods that can increase overall and relapse-free survival without increasing the incidence of intra- and post-operative complications that are always associated with the volume of surgery.
Recently, there has been a stable trend towards organ-sparing techniques. Segmental resections have become widely used in patients with localized cancer of the left colon and are now considered as an alternative to traditional left hemicolectomy. These two techniques demonstrated no significant differences in long-term outcomes. Then segmental resections became widely used in patients with localized tumors of the right colon and middle third of the transverse colon. These surgeries demonstrated their efficacy and good long-term outcomes.
As for caecal cancer, the literature on this subject is too scant to make any conclusions about the rationality and feasibility of ileocecal resections. This implies that the utility of the method and its potential implications should be evaluated in further studies, including prospective ones that will compare both short-term and long-term outcomes. This literature review analyzes anatomical and physiological characteristics of right and left colon tumors, outlines generally accepted standards of lymphadenectomy, and summarizes the information on novel surgical techniques for colorectal cancer.

Based on the results of registration studies, the drug cabozantinib, the mechanism of action of which is determined by the inhibition of tyrosine kinases on a relatively wide range of cellular receptors, is registered in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer, kidney cancer and thyroid cancer. This literature review collects data on the mechanism of action, the results of preclinical experiments and phases I–III studies. Emphasis is placed on the tolerability and efficacy of the drug in the population of hepatocellular cancer patients.

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy is standard of care for many tumors, especially of gastrointestinal ones. Neoadjuvant therapy has many potential advantages, including tumor downstaging, early treatment of micrometastatic disease and possibility to evaluate tumor biology in order to personalize treatment. Currently, perioperative chemotherapy isn’t the standard of treatment of advanced colon cancer. Limitations to widespread use of systemic therapy have included inaccurate radiological staging, concerns about tumor progression and a lack of randomized data.