This literature review analyzes the role of human microbiome in cancer development. We provide the data on the most common bacteria found in patients with colon cancer: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroidеs fragilis, and some strains of Escherichia coli. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a new experimental method of introducing healthy bacterial flora into a recipient with intestinal diseases. The identification of oncogenic bacterial strains will significantly enhance our ability to diagnose and prevent colorectal cancer.

On the basis of the literature the article analyzes the methodological aspects of preoperative planning and surgical techniques for the prevention intra- and postoperative complications for colproctectomy with J-pouch reservoir. Knowledge of these features can reduce the number of complications and improve the functional results of surgical treatment.

The anastomosis leakage is one of the most terrible complications of rectal cancer surgery. The anastomosis leakage rate after low anterior resection may exceed 20 %. The anastomosis leakage increases postoperative mortality, length of hospitalization, requires the formation of a temporary or permanent colostomy, which impairs the quality of life of patients. In recent years, some authors have suggested using a nomogram, a prognostic algorithm in the form of a graphic image showing the probability of a certain outcome individually for each patient. This review presents literature data on the use of nomograms in predicting the occurrence of colorectal anastomosis leakage after rectal cancer surgery.

Objective: to improve the outcomes of combination treatment of patients with rectal cancer using polyradiomodification and short courses of neoadjuvant radiotheragy.

Materials and methods. A total of 905patients were included into this retrospective study based on the data retrieved from a prospective database. Of them, 241 patients underwent combination treatment with polyradiomodification (CT + PRM); 271 patients underwent combination treatment with preoperative radiotherapy alone (CT); 393patients underwent surgical treatment only (ST). Combination treatment with polyradiomodification included a course of radiotherapy with a total dose of 25 Gy delivered in 5 fractions (5 Gy each), rectal administration of biopolymer composition containing metronidazole at a dose of 10 g/m² (5-h exposure in the rectum on days 3 and 5), and chemotherapy with capecitabine at a dose of 2 g/m2 on days 1—14 followed by surgery within the next 4—6 weeks. We analyzed the incidence of postoperative complications, 5-year relapse-free survival, and frequency of relapses.

Results. The incidence of grade IIIB postoperative complications was significantly lower in patients who underwent combination treatment with polyradiomodification than in those who had surgery only (p = 0.0023) and those who had combination therapy without polyradiomodification (p = 0.0003). The 5-year relapse-free survival rate was 80.5 % in the group of CT + PRM compared to 64.9 % in the group of CT (p = 0.00315) and 60.1 % in the group of ST (p = 0.000001). The frequency of relapses was 0.4 %, 8.5 % (p = 0.00001), and 13.7 % (p = 0.00001) in the groups CT + PRM, CT, and ST respectively. There were no significant differences in the incidence of distant metastasis between the groups.

Conclusions. The developed variant of combination treatment with polyradiomodification did not increase the number of complications and ensured better relapse-free survival due to improved locoregional control.

Background. Comparative assessment of the long-term oncological results of extended, combined and standard surgical interventions.

Materials and methods. The study included women with histologically verified ovarian cancer T3—4N0—1M0—1. Group A (experimental) patients underwent advanced and combined surgical interventions; group B (control) patients underwent standard surgical interventions. In the postoperative period, all patients received 6 courses of polychemotherapy with a combination of platinum and taxanes. The authors compared the frequency of achieving optimal and conditionally radical operations after performing extended and combined operations and standard surgical interventions, the structure, frequency and causes of intra- and postoperative complications, and overall and disease-free survival.

Results. From 2010 to 2018, we selected 150 archived case histories of patients with advanced ovarian cancer (III-IV stages). 135 (90 %) patients were able to track the long-term results of treatment. In group A (experimental), complete debulking was achieved in 52.8 %, in group B (control) — 26.7 %. In group A, 6 (19.9 %) patients had postoperative complications of I-II degree of severity, 1 patient had postoperative complications of IIIA degree of severity, complications of IIIB-IV degree of severity in the study group did not occur (p = 0.05). In group B, intraoperative complications were observed in 27 (22.5 %) patients. Postoperative I—II degrees of severity were observed in 28 (23.3 %) patients, III—IV degrees of severity — in 8 (6.6 %). In group B, the overall survival rate was 54.7 months, and re¬lapse-free was 14.3 months, in group A — 79.2 months and 19 months respectively (p = 0.004 and <0.05).

Conclusions. The method of choosing treatment for patients with advanced ovarian cancer in the first stage is surgery in the amount of com - plete debulking. Performing combined and advanced operations for advanced ovarian cancer affects the success of complete debulking and is reasonable.

Buschke-Lowenstein tumor caused by human papilloma virus is a rare sexually transmitted disease of the anogenital region. Being histologically benign, clinically giant condyloma acuminatum exhibits malignant properties by adhering to surrounding tissues, and a high recurrence rate. However, no clear diagnostic criteria and surgical approach description has been detected for this condition. This clinical observation demonstrates a rare case of Buschke-Lowenstein tumor and the multi-stage surgical treatment, resulting in failure.

In this article, we describe the procedure of comprehensive endoscopic diagnostics and treatment of a patient with synchronous rectal neuroendocrine tumors. The patient underwent screening colonoscopy at the age of 44; a year before, he had an immunochromatographic fecal occult blood test, which was negative. At the first stage, we performed narrow band imaging with optical magnification, chromoscopy using indigo carmine dye, and endosonography with a 12 MHz transducer. Then the patient underwent radical endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal dissection. Immunohistochemical examination of surgical specimens demonstrated that both tumors were well differentiated (G₁ ). The patient was followed up during a year and had no signs of recurrence.