Since 1974 chemoradiation scheme proposed by Nigro remains the standard of care for squamous-cell anal cancer in most countries. Improvement of treatment results can be achieved by developing new treatment schemes including different radio- and chemosensitizers.

Methods. Results of treatment of 157 T1–4N0–2M0 squamous-cell anal cancer patients, which underwent treatment during 1990–2012 were analyzed. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group A received hyperfractionated radiotherapy (RT) single dose 1.2 Gy bid, total dose 40–44 Gy with 3–5 sessions of local hyperthermia (HT) during treatment; group B had similar RT + HT scheme with addition of chemotherapy (CT) with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 in days 1, 3 weeks 1–4 and bleomycin 15 mg in days 2, 4 weeks 1–4; group C had RT with single dose 2 Gy, same total dose, HT and CT as in group B and additionally received metronidazole 10 g/m2 per rectum in a polymeric composition. Two weeks after 1st treatment stage a second course of RT was carried out 20–24 Gy in 2 Gy fractions in all patient groups.

Results. Sphincter-sparing treatment was carried out in 11 (50 %), 71 (80.68 %) and 44 (93.62 %) in groups A, B and C accordingly. Three year overall survival (OS) was 60.0; 82.4; 96.4 %; 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) 36.6; 69.8 and 76.3 % accordingly.

Conclusions. In our study combined treatment using radiosensitization allow to improve sphincter preservation rate to 93 %, improve OS and DFS for squamous-cell anal cancer patients.

A rationale for cytoreductive surgery in colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases is discussed in the article. Not only does it improve their quality of life and prevent life-threatening complications, but also facilitates further systemic treatment. Symptomatic surgery (colostomies and bypass surgery) does not improve treatment outcome independent from additional treatment. Our results demonstrate that chemotherapy with 2 or more active drugs after cytoreductive surgery significantly improves treatment results. Rationale for the use of chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer patients with synchronous distant metastases is demonstrated in the article.

The aim of this study was to compare results of sphincter-sparing operations (SSO) and abdominoperineal resections (APR) in patients  undergoing combined treatment for unresectable locally-advanced rectal cancer.

Methods. During September 2007 – January 2011 59 patients were enrolled. Original treatment scheme (RF patent № 2414936) was developed including radiotherapy 40 Gy in 4 Gy fractions, capecitabine 650 mg/m2 bid per os days 1-22, oxaliplatin 50 mg/m2 iv days 3, 10, 17, local hyperthermia on days 8, 12, 15, 17, 2 applications of metronidazole 10 g/m2 per rectum in a polymeric composition. Surgery was carried out following 6–8 weeks. SSO were carried out in 36 patients, APR in 23 patients. Study endpoints included 2-year OS and DFS, local recurrence and distant metastases rate, postoperative complications rate.

Results. No significant differences in survival were observed: 2-year OS was 93.2 and 85.6 % (log- rank test p = 0.157) for SSO and APR groups accordingly, 2-year DFS was 88 and 71.9 % (log-rank test p = 0.064). Four (11.1 %) patients in SSO group and 4 (17.4 %) patients in APR group (р = 0.5511) developed local recurrences, 4 (11.1 %) and 7 (30.4 %) (р = 0.1293) developed distant metastases. Postoperative complications rate was 27.8 % (n = 10) and 39.1 % (n = 9) (р = 0.5181) in SSO and APR groups accordingly.

Conclusions. Sphincter-sparting surgery is justified for unresectable locally advanced rectal cancer when technically feasible.

 

 

The results of research on the causes affecting in the development of para-colostomy complications after abdomino-perineal extirpation of the rectum for cancer patients, who were treated by us from 2005 to 2012 found that the development of complications para-colostomy affects in the age of patient, comorbidity, severity of anemia, and obesity. Allocation of risk and patient groups at increased risk for complications allows differentiated approach to their prevention.

The high percent of patients with the complicated colorectal cancer is hospitalized in an emergency order due to disease complications, such as intestinal obstruction, tumor perforation, a regional inflammation, intestinal bleeding, anemia. Adequate oncological surgery is an important stage of treatment for these patients.

Results of bowel preparation using polietilenglicole are demonstrated in the article. 254 colorectal cancer patients with no complications were enrolled. 242 (95.3 %) had good tolerability of bowel preparation. According to developed criteria 225 (88.6 %) had good bowel preparation on surgery, 23 (9.1 %) patients had satisfactory bowel preparation and 6 (2.4 %) had bad bowel preparation. 2 (0.8 %) patients had anastomotic leakage. Quality of bowel preparation was not associated with anastomotic leakage in this patient group.

The paper describes a rare case of bilateral uterostasis that occurred in the early postoperative period in a female patient after abdominoperineal rectal extirpation and resulted in complete occlusion of both kidneys. The timely diagnosis of this rare complication could recover urinary passage along the ureters and prevent renal failure in time. The differential diagnosis of this rare complication due to intraoperative damage to the ureters (their transection or ligation) is important in medical practice.

Selected proceedings of the I Congress of Russian Organization of Specialists in Oncoproctology
Moscow, November 1–2, 2012